Slavery in the USA Essay Example

Slavery in the USA Essay Example Slavery in the USA Essay Slavery in the USA Essay Essay Topic: In the Us The history of slavery is one of the constituent parts of the historical development of the Untied States, actually it started from the first settlers of the USA and only in the year 1865 Emancipation Proclamation declared freedom for all slaves. (Claudia, 1986)The first mentioning of slavery can be traced from 1619, when a Dutch ship transported twenty blacks to Virginia that was at that moment the English colony. Their position was defined as indentured servants. Later on this notion developed into racial slavery. Virginia Slave Codes defined the social position of slaves in 1705.During the times of British colonies there were various types of slaves: starting from house servants and to those who were engaged to work on farms and plantations. Farmers were growing rice, tobacco and cotton. Only rich farmers, owing good lands could buy expensive slaves for developing their cotton business. In the 17th century appeared the notion – Native slaves – slaves brought to other colonies. (Menard, 1995). Thousands of them were used for work on â€Å"sugar islands†.   Some tribes like for example Cherokees also bought black slaves during 1800 – 1830s.The situation with slaves after 1776 was rather tense, the attitude to slaves was mostly very brutal: it was allowed to whip them when they were working on plantations, it was even prescribed by slave codes. For black people there were also separate Black Codes, the fulfillment of theses codes was under the control of white patrollers, who in fact had the right to mutilate or even kill runaways. Slaves could never be sure that they will have the chance to live with their families as the owner could sell any of the family members if there was such necessity for him. There were also cases of rebel from slaves who escaped or tried to revenge their owners by burning barns or killing their possessors.   Owners when buying a slave had to provide clothes and food for him, some even paid bonuses, slav es were allowed to keep the money they earned with gambling or in lottery. There was even a case, when a slave won in the lottery and then was able to buy freedom for himself. (Claudia, 1986).The first sighs of abolitionism can be traced in the 1750s, when the gatherings of Quakers pushed their members to refuse from having slaves. The American Revolution brought the spirits and beliefs that slavery was a disaster for America and its white residents. Between the years 1780 and 1804 practically all Northern States signed the emancipation acts. In the Constitution of Massachusetts of 1780 appeared a statement that all people were â€Å"born free and equal† (Menard, 1995).At the beginning of the 19th century this movement was gaining strength in the whole country.   There was even a campaign organized to deliver back the black people – former slaves who wanted to return to their homeland. This movement suddenly received a support from religion as well, in 1830 William L loyd Garrison stated that slavery was a personal sin and appealed to refusing from it. In spite of the best intentions of the movement, in reality this was the main reason of the Civil War in America.In fact refusal from slavery seemed to be not so easy step for economics, especially after the invention of the cotton gin in 1793 by Eli Whitney (Barzel, 1985). This led to increase of cotton need fifty times, which in its way resulted in growing need for more slavers’ labour in the southern states. The cotton boom coincided with slavery ban in the North of the country. However not all slaves became free, a lot of them were in reality shipped to the states where there was no ban for slavery yet, this means to the South. The situation was getting tenser due to the increased number of slaves in the South; slave owners became even more convinced that slaves can not be freed because of their fear of consequences.   The supplies of slaves from outside were stopped from 1808 by the decision of the Congress, however the inside slave trade was still allowed.   After in 1820s Midwestern states also banned slavery and in the North states slaves became free due to emancipation policy, the country was divided into two parts by the Ohio River into a slave part and into a free part. This distinction between northern and southern parts of the country grew even stronger when â€Å"with the formation of the Southern Baptist Convention on the premise that the Bible sanctions slavery and that it was acceptable for Christians to own slaves† (Menard, 1995).Franciscan mission resulted in development of slavery in colonial and Mexican California. Officially it was called Native labour, in reality this was continual slavery. After inroad from America in 1848, native inhabitants of California were made slaves with the help of so-called four-month penalty for â€Å"vagrancy† (Menard, 1995). At the same time in Kansas the situation was also rather tense. In 1854 Ka nsas- Nebraska Act was signed and it was up to natives to decide whether Kansas State should be a free or a slave state. John Brown was doing his best in supporting the abolitionist movement, but Republicans were too much afraid of the slaves’ possible control of the national government.When the time for presidential election in 1860 came, the absolute partition in the country became evident. The main parties could not come to an agreement: the Southern Democrats supported slavery, The Republicans wanted to stop it, The Northern Democrats stated that all the states should take local decisions, as this would mean the real democracy, at last the Constitutional Union Party struggled for the durability of the Union. Lincoln, the representative of Republicans won the election. The great problem was that abolition of slavery presented not only moral issue, this could also negatively influence the state of economy in the county, which was already used to the profits brought by worke rs, who needed no salary. There was also a point of view that the balance in the country, which was sustained with the help of number of slave and free states, could be broken. Mostly the South was concerned, because this part of the country depended a lot on agriculture, whereas in the north the industry could develop quite well without slaves. For Lincoln slavery was first of all political problem and he would prefer to have more control over the Mississippi river region. (Barzel, 1985)The logical consequence of this opposition was the Civil War in 1861, which resulted in final abolition of slavery. On the 1st of January 1863, Lincoln signed Emancipation Proclamation. After the war around four million slaves were set free, which made more than 12 % of the whole population in the USA. Arizona and Tennessee states revoked slavery in 1863-1865 by the special Acts passed and the Union army freed the rest of the slaves in the southern states. This was actually the formal end of slavery in the USA and it was followed by the period of Reconstruction.Overall, the history of slavery in America was long and controversial, full of sufferings and political intrigues. Slavery played great role in the economical development of the country, of the other side weakening its moral and cultural traditions in a way. We mentioned briefly some key events of the whole slavery history, omitting the description of rebels and names of the slaves who took part in them, omitting the details of all hardships that enslaved people had to come through and so on.

Fastwrite Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Fastwrite - Essay Example Similarly, Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglas is the memoir of the orator and writer. Even Douglas was a slave and also talks about his experiences as a slave. He was one of the influential persons who propelled the Abolitionist Movement, especially through his writings. Authors like Zora Neale Hurston and Harriet Jacobs, have all written on the sheer cruelty and atrocities of slavery and racism prevalent then. The very fact that the colour of their skin determined their existence and lives has been put forth in a very authentic and touching manner. Toni Morrison has influenced African American Literature to a great extent. She was a teacher, before she began writing. She, like the other writers of this genre, emphasized on the realities associated with slavery. She also looked into aspects like cultural identity. However, she also wrote from the Black Woman’s point of view and spoke at length about racism, gender issues and the cultural block. One of the most unique features of Toni Morrison’s writings, is the fact that she clubs myths and realities and presents it in a manner that conveys the depth of meaning, rather than just presenting

Heritage and Culture Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Heritage and Culture - Essay Example This paper discusses achievements of the above mentioned writers in depicting their ancestral elements and thereby making their traditional aspects integral parts of the works. It also explores how Hawthorne and Marshall differ from each other in the two mentioned novels as far as their inherited and Puritanical standpoints are concerned. Nathaniel Hawthorne's Puritan ancestry is evident in many of his literary works. The beliefs of Puritans are often linked with human nature in his writings. The characters of the books depict the author's personal feelings regarding Puritanism. A puritan ancestry coupled with an ancestor, who served as judge in the witch trials in Salem, further served to influence the inclusion of Puritan themes in many of his books. It is generally opinionated that Hawthorne used his work as an outlet for expressing his guilt for the Puritan ways. His torment against the cruelties of Puritanism is very effectively portrayed in 'The Scarlet Letter.' Through this book he revealed the grotesqueness of the Puritan principles. (Gervens, 2006) The puritan era and its cultural aspects have been depicted through Hawthorne's novel 'The Scarlet Letter.' Hard work linked to servitude to God is a dominant Puritan philosophy. But the rather ascetic views on certain other aspects of life; have been portrayed in many of Nathaniel Hawthorne's work. ... In the book, Hester a young woman is forced to wear the letter "A" hewn on a red cloth with gold thread in an elaborate and intricate design. This letter is a badge of disgrace imparted by the Puritan elders for Hester's actions of bearing an illegitimate child. The Puritan elders had thus set an example for sinners who dared to disobey the principles of the Puritan society. (Lots of Essays, 2008) The author's feelings about the Puritan punishments are evident in the contrast with which he depicts the grace of Hester with the cold severity portrayed by the Puritan elders. His abhor and disgust for the Puritan practices has been exemplified through this book. Paule Marshall and West Indian Heritage Marshall's views on her West Indian heritage are expressed in her book 'Praisesong for the Widow.' For instance the use of Creole dialect, even only for a weekend by the out - islanders in the book is proof of the close ties that is maintained with their ancestry. The author has expressed her own feelings through the journey of the protagonist - Avey in the book. Avey's appreciation of the traditional Creole dance is a way of reconnecting with her roots, which is something that the author personally wants to do. The author's feeling has been aptly described in the book, through Avey's feelings, when she says, "centered and sustained restored to her proper axis" [Praisesong for the Widow 254]. Avey reestablishes her ties with her heritage, and eventually rediscovers her own self somewhere. The author portrays her ancestral heritage brilliantly through the character of Great Aunt Cuney. The dream that Avey remembers, which inaugurates the chain of events in the book, is that of a younger Avey with her Aunt Cuney, with whom she

Discrimination towards Asians Essay Example for Free

Discrimination towards Asians Essay The expansion of America was a realization within the political and financial elite that there is a need for America to create markets in foreign countries for the American goods. By the turn of the 1890s there was a lot of surplus in goods that we need to penetrate overseas markets to address under consumption and economic crisis. The United States was under the premise that the countries with the largest navies and military force would eventually inherit the earth (Zinn, 1942). Before the election of President William McKinley he said that the American people needs overseas market for the surplus products since the American soil and factories are producing more than what the American people needed. This surplus should be of the advantage of the country since it will bring commercial supremacy. This supremacy led to the expansionist view in politics and even in the naval forces. President Roosevelt created propaganda for expansion in the 1890s together with other political elites who share his expansionist standpoint. Roosevelt was perhaps the greatest expansionist of his time. He was up to penetrate Hawaii, Philippines and China. In 1898, 10% of American goods were sold in the foreign markets which amounted to billions of dollars. By the year 1895, the foreign investment of American Capitalists has reached billions of dollars especially in the steel industry. This further fanned the need for the American capitalists to create overseas markets and this made engaging in war an option. As in the case of Philippines, the conflict between the Spanish conquerors and the Filipino rebels paved way for the intervention of America in the guise of â€Å"generosity†. In 1899, the American government under the presidency of William McKinley sent troops to the Philippines to aide the Filipinos in fighting their war against the Spaniards. Mckinley states four reasons on why he decided to colonize the Philippines. The first was he can’t give the Philippines back to the Spaniards. Second is that he can’t give the Philippines to the French. Third is that he thinks that the Philippines is â€Å"unfit† to govern for themselves and the forth is that he has no choice but to â€Å"adopt† the Filipinos and â€Å"civilize† them (Zinn, 1942). By the term â€Å"civilized† and â€Å"unfit† he was under the notion that Filipinos are savages, uneducated, and unscrupulous. This only shows that even the president of a democratic country thinks lowly of a race that has endured 300 years of oppression and was courageous enough to ouster a government as strong as Spain. The country was under the Spanish rule for more than 300 hundred years and the Filipinos were craving for freedom. The Filipinos under the leadership of Emilio Aguinaldo were gaining much power at that time and some historians say that the Filipino people could have won the war without the American intervention. Since the Americans came on cue, just as the war was supposed to end, America took all the credit and branded themselves as heroes and liberator of the country. This scenario is similar to what the United States did to Cuba. When the Cuban rebels sought help from the United States, they sent American troops instead of financial resources (Zinn, 1942). When the Spanish colonizers where defeated, the US did not recognize the efforts of the rebels and took over Cuba. Before the US freed Cuba, they made sure that Platt amendment will be added to the constitution giving the US rights to intervene with the Cuban government. Some US bases where also retained and the Cuban market was remained opened to American exports. In the case of the Philippines, US intervention came in together with education, clothing, healthcare and other basic necessities that were deprived by the Spaniards. Since the Spaniards aimed to suppress education among Filipinos and keep them dependent to their regime, the â€Å"Education for everyone scheme† of the United States was a hit for most of the Filipinos. However the struggle continued for those who seek real independence (Grey, 2003). The expansionist point of view of Americans towards the Philippines was regarded as acts of robbery and oppression by a black soldier designated in the Philippines. It was a bloody war as news articles and journals of soldiers revealed that they shot Filipinos like â€Å"rabbits† including the women and children who were helpless (Zinn, 1942). Discrimination in the political system was also evident since only the Americans hold office and Filipinos where kept at the lower offices of the political structure. Similar to the faith of those non-whites, the Filipino people where discriminated even in today’s society. Due to economic reasons a great percentage of Filipinos are now working abroad as domestic workers. Blue collar jobs such as domestic helpers, construction workers, waiters and etc are the most common employment for Filipinos residing in the United States (Manalansan, 2003). Because of this, stereotypes where based upon the assumption that Filipinos are uneducated and are capable of doing only menial jobs. In fact, in a British dictionary the meaning of the word Filipina is â€Å"domestic helper†. This may be attributed to the fact that 90% of Filipinos working abroad are females. However, we fail to see is that a large percentage of these Filipino workers have a college degree and are in fact educated. Sociology dictates that since Filipinos have been subjected to three colonizers (Spanish, Americans and Japanese) they are by nature patient, enduring and industrious. Thus, doing menial jobs are sacrifices they are willing to make just to alleviate their families current economic status (Manalansan, 2003). Today, the Philippines is the worlds major exporter of manpower especially in health care. Filipino nurses and care givers pride themselves as pioneers in their craft and the country even hails them as the present day heroes. However, when they set foot on the foreign soil, that pride turns to discrimination. Though they are well capable and well trained in nursing, skin color often hinders them from being treated the same way as that of the white nurses. A quote from the TV show Desperate Housewives uttered by Teri Hatcher says: â€Å"Okay, before we go any further, can I check those diplomas because I just wanna make sure that theyre not from some med school in the Philippines. This only supports the fact that Filipinos are still caught under the stereotype that they are incapable and are discriminated upon (Salanga, 2007). In comparison to the African-Americans, Filipinos experience greater amount of discrimination due to the fact that they are smaller, second is the portrayal of the Philippines as a country of terrorists, third is that they are uneducated and forth is that most of them don’t speak good English. But unknown to most Americans is that there is a thriving business of call centers in the Philippines which started in 2000. When we dial customer service and ask for help for a certain product, we might be seeking advice from Filipinos that we discriminate against. The thing is we don’t even notice that they are Filipinos by the way they speak. They are proficient in English and are able to address of plights properly, hence, the notion that Filipinos are dumb serves as an irony. In call centers, we ask for help from Filipinos and not the other way around. At present the Call center industry in the Philippines captures 20% of the world market share in call centers and the Philippine government aims to get 50% of share by the year 2008 (Ortigas Online, 2007). Filipinos today face what sociologists call double jeopardy. Because Filipinos are discriminated, they have difficulty of finding good jobs. It is estimated that a majority of Filipinos in the United States today are still holding blue collar jobs though some of them have white collar jobs. Some have even made it big time in the United States just like the lead singer of the Pussy Cat Dolls who is a Filipino-American (Ezugwu, 2007). Though some have made it up in the economic ladder, Filipinos still comprise the majority in service sectors jobs in the United States. Their poverty reinforces their minority status. Thus, the so-called â€Å"ladder of discrimination† as what sociologists call is also reinforced. Filipinos have the difficulty of upgrading their status by economic means because of these stereotypes. Thus, white Americans always associate Filipinos with poverty, terrorism, violence and ignorance. This then hinders them from alleviating their status and making their chances at getting high paying jobs a lot slimmer as compared to the whites. However, when I check the web and type â€Å"Philippines† in the search box it is amazing how it differs from what the media is projecting. As a country the Philippines has wonderful places and beautiful culture. They are deeply rooted to their religion and values which make them generally warm and happy individuals (Tope, L. Nonan-Mercado, 2007). Their history with the Spaniards taught Filipinos how to be industrious and enduring as they were colonized by Spain for 300 years. These characteristics of Filipinos show in their approach to their work here in the United States. I think the fact that they are willing to occupy menial jobs that most Americans would shun is a manifestation that they are hardworking people. Perhaps it is this realization that led to further acceptance to the Filipino culture and the Filipino people. In the United States there are Filipino communities in every state (The Filipino, 2007) and a lot of Americans prefer to have Filipino wives saying that Filipinos make a loving wife and mother. The country also has a strong president as of pres time and aims to renew the image of the Philippines as a country filled with communists. President Gloria Macapagal Arroyo wasfeatured in the Times Magazine for the second time and was hailed as one of the most powerful women in Asia (Spaeth, 2001). Since she is very stern in her fight against terrorism the Philippines and the Filipinos are beginning to portray a wonderful picture in our minds. In addition to that, society has become more lenient as to the case of racism. Many citizens are now aware that skin color or race does not limit a person’s ability to do his job properly. Filipinos, much like the other minority groups should be given the chance to grow and show their abilities. The growing popularity of snit racism and equality has made some impact on the way Filipinos are treated, however it is not yet evident in most cases. Reference http://www.commondreams.org/scriptfiles/views03/1117-11.htm

Poverty in Everyday Use, Sonnys Blues, and The Cathedral Essay

Poverty in Everyday Use, Sonny's Blues, and The Cathedral Works Cited Not Included Comparing ?Everyday Use?, ?Sonny?s Blues? and ?The Cathedral?, one can conclude that they share a common meaning. Although all three stories consider poverty as their theme, each chooses to elaborate it in a different manner. In fact, ?Everyday Use? emphasizes on the state of extreme poverty in which certain people live. On the other hand, ?Sonny?s Blues? contributes to the theme by describing the poverty of spirit of Harlem?s ?inner kids?. Carver?s ?The Cathedral?, however, prefers to explore the notion of poverty as a state of one?s mind rather than the environment in which one lives. In ?Everyday Use?, Alice Walker chooses to develop the idea of poverty by focusing exclusively on the environment in which her protagonists live. Setting attributes, such as the ones used to describe the house in which the protagonists reside, enables us to better understand the theme. In fact, the dwelling does not even have any real windows. Instead, it has holes cut in the sides, like the portholes of a ship, but not round and not square, with rawhide holding the shutters up on the outside. Then, Walker proceeds with inside description of the house as she points out that the protagonists use benches for their table instead of chairs because they cannot financially afford any. Further, the author supports the theme by providing us with some physical description of specific objects. The use of quilts that ?Grandma Dee? sewed from the scraps of her dress and the churn that Uncle Henry whittled from the wood is not derived from the protagonists? intention to preserve ?family values? but rather from a necessity to ?survive?. In ?Sonny?s Blues?, the theme of... ...nt from the happiness that he has with his own wife. The notion of poverty has a very expanded meaning. Although all three stories use poverty as their theme, each interprets it differently. Consequently, it does not necessarily mean the state of extreme misery that has been described in ?Everyday Use?. As Carver points out, poverty may refer to poverty of one?s mind, which is caused primarily by the lack of education and stereotyped personality. Finally, poverty may reflect the hopelessness of one?s mind. Realizing that no bright future awaits them, Harlem kids find no sense in their lives. Unfortunately, the satisfaction of realizing their full potential does not derive from achieving standards that are unachievable by others. Instead, it arises uniquely from denigrating others, as the only way to be higher than someone is to put this person lower than you.

Class Differences Essay

â€Å"Where justice is denied, where poverty is enforced, where ignorance prevails, and where any one class is made to feel that society is an organized conspiracy to oppress, rob and degrade them, neither persons nor property will be safe. † (– Frederick Douglass) The Kite Runner is based on two boys named Amir and Hassan. Amir is from an upper class, called the Pashtuns and Hassan is from a lower class, called the Hazaras. Pashtuns are Afghanistan’s largest ethnic group. Pashtuns are Sunni Muslims and Hazaras are Shi’a Muslims. Pashtuns consider Hazaras a disgrace to Islam and are considered a minority. Hazaras have been discriminated for many centuries. Because of this class difference, there are limitations to Amir and Hassan’s relationship. The Kite Runner would not exist if there is no class difference between Amir and Hassan because every conflict in the novel revolves around the class difference between Amir and Hassan as well as Pashtuns and Hazaras. Amir and Hassan themselves would be two completely different people if it weren’t for the labels of Pashtuns and Hazaras and the political issues that are ongoing in Afghanistan would be non-existent as well. The Kite Runner is based on the class difference between Amir and Hassan. There would be no conflicts or issues in this novel if it weren’t for the discrimination against Hazaras and the superiority of Pashtuns. The conflict between Assef and Hassan would be non-existent because if there was no class difference in the novel, Assef would have never teased Hassan. Assef even raped Hassan because he was a Hazara. Assef is the village bully and has very low tolerance for Hazaras, especially Hassan. Hassan was raped to be dominated by Assef and to prove that Hassan is inferior to Assef. Every confrontation Hassan and Assef have, Assef constantly states that Pashtuns are real Afghans and Hazaras are not. â€Å"Afghanistan is the land of Pashtuns. It always has been, always will be. We are the true Afghans, not this Flat-Nose here. His people pollute our homeland, our watan. They dirty our blood. † – (Assef, Chapter 5, Page 43) He also claims that Hazaras pollute Afghanistan and should be killed just like how Hitler murdered 6 million Jewish people because they were considered minorities in Germany. Another conflict that would also make the novel non-existent would be the limited relationship between Amir and Hassan. When Amir and Hassan participated in the Kite flying competition, Amir controlled the kite and Hassan was the kite runner. This already shows the domination Amir has over Hassan and how Amir will always remain the controller and Hassan will always be the runner. Amir only treated him like he was inferior because of he was a Hazara and also because of the favouritism between Amir and Hassan from Baba. 26 years later when Amir is in living the USA and Hassan is still in Afghanistan, Hassan protected Baba’s property with his wife and his child. Hassan and his wife were killed because he was protecting his home and was claimed a liar by the Taliban’s, also because he was a Hazara. The class difference in this novel was not only between Amir and Hassan but between the Talibans and Hazaras as well, which caused a lot of political tension. Overall, most conflicts introduced in The Kite Runner are inflicted by class differences between Amir and Hassan. If it were not for the class difference and discrimination, there would be no story at all.

School Violence And Its Effect On Society - 2229 Words

School Violence Violence in schools has spread rapidly throughout the nation and has caused many difficulties and fear among students, families, teachers and staff, and residents of the areas afflicted by the crimes. Many believe that school violence is only very recent occurrence, but this is untrue. It is easy for people to forget that there was life before the internet and many crimes were not publicly known as they are today. The speed in which the internet and cable television spread news is astronomical compared to decades, or centuries past. That is how long violence has been occurring in public and private schools ranging from elementary schools to colleges, Amish school houses to elite universities. It would seem that many rewrite, or edit history to better suit their beliefs, or political aspirations of the present. People spend quite a bit of time trying to pin modern influences as the cause of violence in today’s youth, yet one can find documented incidents of immense violent behavior in adolescents far before the creation of Grand Theft Auto and Breaking Bad. It may be more prudent to look closer at the advancing development and availability of automatic and semi-automatic weapons, bullying, and the increase of psychotic behavior that is untreated and ignored. This essay will show that school violence is not the direct result of violent video games or the internet and that they have been occurring for centuries and that the likely trueShow MoreRelatedWhy School Violence Have Such Of An Effect On Our Society Today?1142 Words   |  5 PagesSpeech 131- T/TH 7:30 am Section 33282 Courtney Mathis ID # 2899247 Why does school violence have such of an effect on our society today? 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